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Barred grid where bold bars are used instead of shaded blocks to separate the wordsCrossword grids such as those appearing in most newspapers and feature solid areas of white squares. Every letter is checked (i.e. Is part of both an 'across' word and a 'down' word) and usually each answer must contain at least three letters. In such puzzles shaded squares are typically limited to about one-sixth of the total.

Crossword grids elsewhere, such as in, and, have a -like structure, with a higher percentage of shaded squares (around 25%), leaving about half the letters in an answer unchecked. For example, if the top row has an answer running all the way across, there will often be no across answers in the second row.Another tradition in puzzle design (in North America, and Britain particularly) is that the grid should have 180-degree, so that its pattern appears the same if the paper is turned upside down. Most puzzle designs also require that all white cells be orthogonally contiguous (that is, connected in one mass through shared sides, to form a single ).The design of Japanese crossword grids often follows two additional rules: that shaded cells may not share a side (i.e. They may not be orthogonally contiguous) and that the corner squares must be white.The 'Swedish-style' grid (picture crosswords) uses no clue numbers, as the clues are contained in the cells which do not contain answers.

Arrows indicate in which direction the clues have to be answered: vertical or horizontal. This style of grid is also used in several countries other than Sweden, often in magazines, but also in daily newspapers. The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers, for example, the name of a pop star, or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo. These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid but instead often have a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.)Substantial variants from the usual forms exist. Two of the common ones are barred crosswords, which use bold lines between squares (instead of shaded squares) to separate answers, and circular designs, with answers entered either radially or in concentric circles.

'Free form' crosswords ('criss-cross' puzzles), which have simple, asymmetric designs, are often seen on school worksheets, children's menus, and other entertainment for children. Grids forming shapes other than squares are also occasionally used.Puzzles are often one of several standard sizes. For example, many weekday newspaper puzzles (such as the American ) are 15×15 squares, while weekend puzzles may be 21×21, 23×23, or 25×25.

The puzzles also set a common pattern for American crosswords by increasing in difficulty throughout the week: their Monday puzzles are the easiest and the puzzles get harder each day until Saturday. Their larger Sunday puzzle is about the same level of difficulty as a weekday-size Thursday puzzle. This has led U.S. Solvers to use the day of the week as a shorthand when describing how hard a puzzle is: e.g. An easy puzzle may be referred to as a 'Monday' or a 'Tuesday', a medium-difficulty puzzle as a 'Wednesday', and a truly difficult puzzle as a 'Saturday'.

One of the smallest crosswords in general distribution is a 4×4 crossword compiled daily by John Wilmes, distributed online by as 'QuickCross' and by as 'PlayFour'.Typically clues appear outside the grid, divided into an Across list and a Down list; the first cell of each entry contains a number referenced by the clue lists. For example, the answer to a clue labeled '17 Down' is entered with the first letter in the cell numbered '17', proceeding down from there. Numbers are almost never repeated; numbered cells are numbered consecutively, usually from left to right across each row, starting with the top row and proceeding downward.

Some Japanese crosswords are numbered from top to bottom down each column, starting with the leftmost column and proceeding right. A person works on a crossword puzzle in the subway, NYC – 2008 Clues: conventions and types Orthography Capitalization of answer letters is conventionally ignored; crossword puzzles are typically filled in, and their answer sheets are almost universally published, in, except in the rare cases of. This ensures a can have its initial letter checked with a non-capitalizable letter in the intersecting clue. In foreign (or foreign-language words appearing in English-language puzzles) are ignored for similar reasons.Straight or quick Some crossword clues, called straight or quick clues, are simple definitions of the answers.

Some clues may feature, and these are usually explicitly described as such. Often, a straight clue is not in itself sufficient to distinguish between several possible answers, either because multiple synonymous answers may fit or because the clue itself is a homonym (e.g., 'Lead' as in to be ahead in a contest or 'Lead' as in the element), so the solver must make use of checks to establish the correct answer with certainty. For example, the answer to the clue 'PC key' for a three-letter answer could be ESC, ALT, TAB, DEL, or INS, so until a check is filled in, giving at least one of the letters, the correct answer cannot be determined.In most American-style crosswords, the majority of the clues in the puzzle are straight clues, with the remainder being one of the other types described below.Crossword clues are generally consistent with the solutions. For instance, clues and their solutions should always agree in tense, number, and degree. If a clue is in the past tense, so is the answer: thus 'Traveled on horseback' would be a valid clue for the solution RODE, but not for RIDE. Similarly, 'Family members' would be a valid clue for AUNTS but not UNCLE, while 'More joyful' could clue HAPPIER but not HAPPIEST.Some clue examples:. Fill-in-the-blank clues are often the easiest in a puzzle and a good place to start solving, e.g., ' ' = ANNE.

'Before and after' clues feature one word that is part of two phrases, often designated with parentheses and brackets, e.g., (Doing ) keeper = TIME. A question mark at the end of clue usually signals that the clue/answer combination involves some sort of pun or wordplay, e.g., 'Grateful?' = ASHES, since a grate might be full of them. Most widely distributed American crosswords today (e.g., etc.) also contain colloquial answers, i.e., entries in the puzzle grid that try to replicate everyday colloquial language. In such a puzzle one might see phrases such as WHAT'S UP, AS IF, or WHADDYA WANT.Abbreviations. Main article:The constraints of the American-style grid (in which every letter is checked) often require a fair number of answers not to be dictionary words.

As a result, the following ways to clue abbreviations and other non-words, although they can be found in 'straight' British crosswords, are much more common in American ones:. Abbreviations, the use of a foreign language, variant spellings, or other unusual word tricks are indicated in the clue. A crossword creator might choose to clue the answer SEN (as in the abbreviation for 'senator') as 'Washington bigwig: Abbr.' Or 'Member of Cong.' , with the abbreviation in the clue indicating that the answer is to be similarly abbreviated. The use of 'Var.'

Indicates the answer is a variant spelling (e.g., EMEER instead of EMIR), while the use of foreign language or a foreign place name within the clue indicates that the answer is also in a foreign language. For example, ETE (, French for 'summer') might be clued as 'Summer, in the '. Could be clued as 'Italia's capital', whereas the clue 's capital' would indicate the English spelling. The eight possible abbreviations for a, e.g., NNW (north-northwest) or ESE (east-southeast), occur with some frequency.

They can be clued as simply 'Compass point', where the desired answer is determined by a combination of —since the third letter can be only E or W, and the second letter can be only N or S—and a process of elimination using checks. Alternatively, compass point answers are more frequently clued as 'XXX to YYY direction', where XXX and YYY are two place names. For example, SSW might be clued as 'New York to Washington DC dir'.

Similarly, a clue such as 'Right on the map' means EAST. A clue could also consist of objects that point a direction, e.g., ' dir.'

., and arithmetic involving them, frequently appear as well; the clue 'IV times III' (4×3) would yield XII (12). In addition, partial answers are allowed in American-style crosswords, where the answer represents part of a longer phrase. For example, the clue 'Mind your Qs' gives the answer PSAND (Ps and). Non-dictionary phrases are also allowed in answers. Thus, the clue 'Mocked' could result in the grid entry LAUGHED AT.Crossword themes Many American crossword puzzles feature a 'theme' consisting of a number of long entries (generally three to five in a standard 15×15-square 'weekday-size' puzzle) that share some relationship, type of pun, or other element in common. As an example, the New York Times crossword of April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller, edited by, featured five themed entries ending in the different parts of a tree: SQUAREROOT, TABLELEAF, WARDROBETRUNK, BRAINSTEM, and BANKBRANCH.The above is an example of a category theme, where the theme elements are all members of the same set. Other types of themes include:.

Quote themes, featuring a famous quote broken up into parts to fit in the grid (and usually clued as 'Quote, part 1', 'Quote, part 2', etc.). Rebus themes, where multiple letters or even symbols occupy a single square in the puzzle (e.g., BERMUDAΔ). Addition themes, where theme entries are created by adding a letter, letters, or word(s) to an existing word or phrase. For example, 'Crucial pool shot?' = CRITICAL MASSE (formed by taking the phrase ' and adding an 'e' on the end. All the theme entries in a given puzzle must be formed by the same process (so another entry might be 'Greco-Roman buddy?'

= WRESTLING MATE—'wrestling mat' with an 'e' added on). An example of a multiple-letter addition (and one that does not occur at the end of the entry) might be 'Crazy about kitchen storage?'

= CABINET FEVER (derived from '). Subtraction themes, the reverse of the above, where letters are removed to make a new word or phrase.

Compound themes, where the starts or ends of the theme entries can all precede or follow another word, which is given elsewhere in the puzzle. For example, a puzzle with theme entries that begin with PAPER, BALL, and WATER and elsewhere in the puzzle, the word BOY clued as 'Word that can follow the start of theme entries'. Anniversary or tribute themes, commemorating a specific person, place, or event. For example, on October 7, 2011 The New York Times crossword commemorated the life of Apple CEO who had died on October 5. Theme entries related to Jobs' life included, CREATIVE GENIUS, STEVE JOBS, and. Synonym themes, where the theme entries all contain synonyms, e.g., a puzzle featuring a set of theme entries that contain the words RAVEN, and, all synonyms for 'black'. Numerous other types have been identified, including, poems, shifted letters, rhyming phrases, puns, homophones, and combinations of two or more of other types of themes.The Crossword Puzzle Series has published many unusual themed crosswords.

'Rosetta Stone', by Sam Bellotto Jr., incorporates a cryptogram as the theme; the key to breaking the cipher is the answer to 1 Across. Another unusual theme requires the solver to use the answer to a clue as another clue. The answer to that clue is the real solution.Indirect clues Many puzzles feature clues involving wordplay which are to be taken metaphorically or in some sense other than their literal meaning, requiring some form of. Depending on the puzzle creator or the editor, this might be represented either with a question mark at the end of the clue or with a modifier such as 'maybe' or 'perhaps'. In more difficult puzzles, the indicator may be omitted, increasing ambiguity between a literal meaning and a wordplay meaning.

Examples:. 'Half a dance' could clue CAN (half of CANCAN) or CHA (half of CHACHA). If taken literally, 'Start of spring' could clue MAR (for March), but it could also clue ESS, the spelled-out form of the starting letter S. 'Nice summer?' Clues ETE, summer in ( being French for 'summer'), rather than a nice (pleasant) summer.

This clue also takes advantage of the fact that in American-style crosswords, the initial letter of a clue is always capitalized, whether or not it is a proper noun. In this clue, the initial capitalization further obscures whether the clue is referring to 'nice' as in 'pleasant' or 'Nice' as in the French city.

'Pay addition', taken literally, clues BONUS. When taken as an indirect clue, however, it could also clue OLA (the addition of -ola to pay- results in PAYOLA).Cryptic crosswords. Main article:An acrostic is a type of word puzzle, in eponymous form, that typically consists of two parts. The first is a set of lettered clues, each of which has numbered blanks representing the letters of the answer.

The second part is a long series of numbered blanks and spaces, representing a quotation or other text, into which the answers for the clues fit. In most forms of the puzzle, the first letters of each correct clue answer, read in order from clue A on down the list, will spell out the author of the quote and the title of the work it is taken from; this can be used as an additional solving aid.Arroword The arroword is a variant of a crossword that does not have as many black squares as a true crossword, but has arrows inside the grid, with clues preceding the arrows. It has been called the most popular word puzzle in many, and is often called the Scandinavian crossword, as it is believed to have originated in Sweden. Finalists competing in a crossword competition in New York City in 2019The title for the world's first crossword puzzle is disputed. Some such puzzles were included in The Stockton Bee (1793–1795), an ephemeral publication.

The phrase 'cross word puzzle' was first written in 1862 by in the United States. Crossword-like puzzles, for example Double Diamond Puzzles, appeared in the magazine, published since 1873. Another crossword puzzle appeared on September 14, 1890, in the Italian magazine Il Secolo Illustrato della Domenica. It was designed by Giuseppe Airoldi and titled 'Per passare il tempo' ('To pass the time').

Airoldi's puzzle was a four-by-four grid with no shaded squares; it included horizontal and vertical clues.Crosswords in England during the 19th century were of an elementary kind, apparently derived from the, a group of words arranged so the letters read alike vertically and horizontally, and printed in children's puzzle books and various periodicals.On December 21, 1913, a from, England, published a 'word-cross' puzzle in the that embodied most of the features of the modern genre. This puzzle is frequently cited as the first crossword puzzle, and Wynne as the inventor. An illustrator later reversed the 'word-cross' name to 'cross-word.Crossword puzzles became a regular weekly feature in the New York World, and spread to other newspapers; the, for example, was publishing them at least as early as 1916 and by 1917. A 1925 cartoon about 'The Cross-Word Mania'. A man phones his doctor in the middle of the night, asking for 'the name of a bodily disorder of seven letters, of which the second letter must be 'N'.By the 1920s, the crossword phenomenon was starting to attract notice. In October 1922, newspapers published a comic strip by entitled 'Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle,' with an enthusiast muttering '87 across 'Northern Sea Bird'!!??!?!!?

Hm-m-m starts with an 'M', second letter is 'U'. I'll look up all the words starting with an 'M-U.'

Mus-musi-mur-murd—Hot Dog! In 1923 a humorous squib in The Boston Globe has a wife ordering her husband to run out and 'rescue the papers. The part I want is blowing down the street.' 'What is it you're so keen about?' 'The Cross-Word Puzzle.

Hurry, please, that's a good boy.' In The New Yorker's first issue, released in 1925, the 'Jottings About Town' section wrote, 'Judging from the number of solvers in the subway and 'L' trains, the crossword puzzle bids fair to become a fad with New Yorkers.' In 1925, the reported that 'The latest craze to strike libraries is the crossword puzzle,' and complained that when 'the puzzle 'fans' swarm to the dictionaries and encyclopedias so as to drive away readers and students who need these books in their daily work, can there be any doubt of the Library's duty to protect its legitimate readers?' The first book of crossword puzzles was published by in 1924, after a suggestion from co-founder aunt. The publisher was initially skeptical that the book would succeed, and only printed a small run at first. The book was promoted with an included pencil, and 'This odd-looking book with a pencil attached to it' was an instant hit, leading crossword puzzles to become a craze of 1924. To help promote its books, Simon & Schuster also founded the Amateur Cross Word Puzzle League of America, which began the process of developing standards for puzzle design.The crossword puzzle fad received extensive attention, not all of it positive: In 1924, The New York Times complained of the 'sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern, more or less complex.

This is not a game at all, and it hardly can be called a sport. solvers get nothing out of it except a primitive form of mental exercise, and success or failure in any given attempt is equally irrelevant to mental development.' A clergyman called the working of crossword puzzles 'the mark of a childish mentality' and said, 'There is no use for persons to pretend that working one of the puzzles carries any intellectual value with it.' However, another wrote a complete 'Bible Cross-Word Puzzle Book'.

Also in 1925, noted that nine Manhattan dailies and fourteen other big newspapers were carrying crosswords, and quoted opposing views as to whether 'This crossword craze will positively end by June!' Or 'The crossword puzzle is here to stay!'

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In 1925, The New York Times noted, with approval, a scathing critique of crosswords by; but concluded that 'Fortunately, the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast and in a few months it will be forgotten.' And in 1929 declared, 'The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads.'

In 1930, a correspondent noted that 'Together with The Times of London, yours is the only journal of prominence that has never succumbed to the lure of the cross-word puzzle' and said that 'The craze—the fad—stage has passed, but there are still people numbering it to the millions who look for their daily cross-word puzzle as regularly as for the weather predictions.' The term 'crossword' first appeared in the in 1933.The New York Times began to publish a crossword puzzle on 15 February 1942, spurred on by the idea that the puzzle could be a welcome distraction from the harsh news of. The New York Times's first puzzle editor was, who was editor from 1942 to 1969. She was succeeded by, who was succeeded. Since 1993, they have been edited by, the fourth crossword editor in Times. In 1978 Shortz founded and still directs the annual. However, a number of other high-profile puzzles have since emerged in the United States in particular, many of which rival the Times in quality and prestige.

These include, and (the latter four of which are distributed digitally).continues to publish the Crossword Puzzle Book Series books that it began in 1924, currently under the editorship of John M. The original series ended in 2007 after 258 volumes. Since 2008, these books are now in the Mega series, appearing three times per year and each featuring 300 puzzles.The British cryptic crossword was imported to the US in 1968 by composer and lyricist in. Until 2006, regularly featured a cryptic crossword 'puzzler' by and, which combines cryptic clues with diabolically ingenious variations on the construction of the puzzle itself. In both cases, no two puzzles are alike in construction, and the intent of the puzzle authors is to entertain with novelty, not to establish new variations of the crossword genre.In the, the was the first newspaper to publish a crossword on November 2, 1924, a Wynne puzzle adapted for the UK. The first crossword in Britain, according to Tony Augarde in his Oxford Guide to Word Games (1984), was in for February 1922.The 2006 documentary, about enthusiasts of The New York Times's puzzle, increased public interest in crosswords. It highlighted attendees of Will Shortz's American Crossword Puzzle Tournament, including former American and American.

Crossword puzzles in World War II. A crossword gridFrench-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares.

They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10% is typical; compiled many 9×9 grids for with four or even three black squares. Enterprise architect 10 full serial siya movie. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a.

All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences. This is similar to the notation used in the aforementioned Blankout puzzles.In, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size.

As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and Across and Down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all.Modern is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks.

This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in (with some vowels) or (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues.In the crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically ) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one.

Despite Japanese having three writing forms, katakana and kanji, they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle., based in, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name has recorded in LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2015 for creating highest crosswords in the Indian Regional Languages. His name has continued in the LIMCA BOOK OF RECORDS – 2016 and 2017 also. A five volume set of his puzzles was released in February 2008 In 2013 two more crossword books released. In 2017 his 5 Crossword Books published. Is also well known for its crossword puzzles.

Crosswords are published regularly in almost all the dailies and periodicals. The grid system is quite similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed.In, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words.Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the 'Swedish-style grid' mentioned above. This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers.

Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset (from ), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies ( and ) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers.Crossword construction American-style crosswords In typical themed American-style crosswords, the theme is created first, as a set of symmetric long Across answers will be needed around which the grid can be created. Since the grid will typically have 180-degree rotational symmetry, the answers will need to be also: thus a typical 15×15 square American puzzle might have two 15-letter entries and two 13-letter entries that could be arranged appropriately in the grid (e.g., one 15-letter entry in the third row, and the other symmetrically in the 13th row; one 13-letter entry starting in the first square of the 6th row and the other ending in the last square of the 10th row).

The theme must not only be funny or interesting, but also internally consistent. In the April 26, 2005 by Sarah Keller mentioned above, the five themed entries contained in the different parts of a tree: SQUAREROOT, TABLELEAF, WARDROBETRUNK, BRAINSTEM, and BANKBRANCH. In this puzzle, CHARTER OAK would not be an appropriate entry, as all the other entries contain different parts of a tree, not the name of a kind of tree. Similarly, FAMILY TREE would not be appropriate unless it were used as a revealer for the theme (frequently clued with a phrase along the lines '.and a hint to.' See also:In cryptics, as fewer of the letters are typically checked and as there is usually no theme, grid construction is far easier, and the constructor focuses instead on the difficult task of creating clues that contain a straight definition, a cryptic definition, and a 'surface' meaning (each clue must parse as a phrase).Software Software that aids in creating crossword puzzles has been written since at least 1976; one popular example was for the in the 1980s. The earliest software relied on people to input a list of fill words and clues, and automatically maps the answers onto a suitable grid. This is a in computer science because there are many possible arrangements to be checked against the rules of construction.

Any given set of answers might have zero, one, or multiple legal arrangements. Modern open source libraries exist that attempt to efficiently generate legal arrangements from a given set of answers.In the late 1990s, the transition began from mostly hand-created arrangements to computer-assisted, which creators generally say has allowed authors to produce more interesting and creative puzzles, reducing. Crossword Weaver was patented in 1997. Crossdown and Crossword Compiler for Windows (which also handles ) and Crossfire for MacOS are popular for this purpose.Modern software includes large databases of clues and answers, allowing the computer to randomly select words for the puzzle, potentially with guidance from the user as to the theme or a specific set of words to pick with greater probability. Many serious users add words to the database as an expression of personal creativity or for use in a desired theme.

Software can also be used to assist the user in finding words for a specific spot in an arrangement by quickly searching through the dictionary for all words that fit.The program was written in the 2000s to solve crossword puzzles using a similar database of past clues and answers, plus the full contents of a and.Web sites such as crosswordguru.com make such databases available for people to create or solve puzzles with computer assistance one clue at a time.Notation Originally Petherbridge called the two dimensions of the crossword puzzle 'Horizontal' and 'Vertical'. Among various numbering schemes, the standard became that in which only the start squares of each word were numbered, from left to right and top to bottom. '1 Horizontal' and '1 Vertical' and the like were names for the clues, the cross words, or the grid locations, interchangeably.Later in the Times these terms commonly became 'Across' and 'Down' and notations for clues could either use the words or the letters 'A' and 'D', with or without hyphens.See also. Theguardian. Berry, Patrick (2015). Pp. 62–80. D.

MacNutt with A. Robins, Ximenes on the art of the crossword, Methuen & Co Ltd, London (1966) p. Crosswordhobbyist.com. ^. Retrieved 5 March 2013. Der, Kevin G. Retrieved 5 March 2013.

Gaffney, Matt. Retrieved 30 September 2015. Gaffney, Matt.

Retrieved 30 September 2015. Pahk, Joon (2012-05-09).

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Diary of a Crossword Fiend. Retrieved 2019-11-25. Xwordinfo.com. Farrell, Jeremiah. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Amende, Coral (2001). New York: Berkley Books.

Tausig, Ben. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Roeder, Oliver.

Retrieved 16 January 2017. Poole, David L.; Mackworth, Alan K. Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Retrieved May 17, 2011. Archived from on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-13. CS1 maint: archived copy as title.

Retrieved 2013-11-26. (in Italian). Retrieved August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-18.

Bellis, Mary. Retrieved 2010-12-18. ^ Amlen, Deb. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2020-01-06. June 11, 1916.

Comic section's fifth page. The Boston Globe, April 8, 1917, p. 43 contains a puzzle and a solution to a previous week's puzzle. 'Movie of a Man Doing the Cross-Word Puzzle,' by 'Briggs,' Morning Oregonian, October 3, 1922, p.

14; also published in several other newspapers. 'There Goes My Crossword Puzzle, Get Up Please.' The Boston Daily Globe, October 1, 1923, p. 7. 'Jottings About Town.'

The New Yorker, February 25, 1925, p. 30.; published by The Library, 1925.

Frederick Lewis Allen (1931). Harper and Row., p. 159 of 1964 Perennial Library paperback reprint. 'Topics of the Times.' The New York Times, November 17, 1924, p. 18.

'Condemns Cross-Word Fad.' The New York Times, December 23, 1924, p.

Time Magazine. January 5, 1925. Retrieved 2008-08-05. Topics of the Times: Sees Harm, Not Education' The New York Times, March 10, 1925, p.

20,. 'All About the Insidious Game of Anagrams,' The New York Times, December 29, 1929, p. BR3. Richard H.

(1930), 'The Lure of the Puzzle.' The New York Times, February 4, 1930, p. 20. 'crossword.' Oxford University Press.

(accessed April 28, 2017). The Daily Telegraph – 80 Years of Cryptic Crosswords, p. 44. (Pat-Ella), Richard Savill, The Daily Telegraph, May 15, 2007. 'XWord Info'.

Archived from on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-11-26. Retrieved 17 January 2017.

^ Shechtman, Anna (2014). The American Reader. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Steinberg, David. Retrieved 17 January 2014.

Retrieved 17 January 2017. Kosman, Joshua; Picciotto, Henry (2014). Retrieved 18 January 2017. Tausig, Ben (2013).

Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Graham, Ruth (2016). Retrieved 17 January 2017.

Jeffries, Adrianne (2017). Retrieved 14 June 2017. Reynaldo, Amy (2014).

Diary of a Crossword Fiend. Retrieved 17 January 2017.

Gavin, Hailey. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2018.

Retrieved 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-11-26. Krysset.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. (in Swedish).

Expressen.se. Retrieved 2012-01-04. (in Swedish). ^ Salomon, Nancy. Retrieved 25 February 2013. ^ Rosen, Mel (1995).

New York: Random House. ^ Kurzban, Stanley A. Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Retrieved 25 February 2013. Gore, Molly (15 November 2007).

The Santa Clara. Santa Clara, California.

Retrieved 25 February 2013. ^. Retrieved 25 February 2013. Holmes, Kristin E. (29 April 2007). The Philadelphia Inquirer (archived at crosswordtournament.com).

Archived from on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.

Tausig, Ben (7 December 2012). Retrieved 10 March 2013. 19 Sep 2014. 9 July 2010. 17 November 2019. ^ Julie Leibach (19 September 2014). Www.crossdown.com.Further reading.

The Crossword Obsession by Coral Amende. Crossworld by Marc Romano. Alan Connor (2015). The Crossword Century: 100 Years of Witty Wordplay, Ingenious Puzzles, and Linguistic Mischief. Avery.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. (from ).

(from The PuzzleMakers.net).

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