1. Solar Irradiance Formula

AbstractIn order to grasp the significance of the work accomplished by the author, it is necessary to keep abreast of the present developments in this field. The research work reported in the paper is an attempt to get knowledge to assess the solar energy potential for practical and efficient utilization in India.

Our work is centered on estimating realistic values of solar (global and diffuse) radiation on horizontal and tilted surfaces using measured meteorological data and geographical and geometrical parameters for India. IntroductionThe sun is the driving force for all atmospheric processes. Solar radiant intensity is the expression of that input of energy upon the planet. Therefore, the ability to understand and quantify its value and distribution accurately is important in the initial understanding and modeling of any other thermodynamic or dynamic process in the earth-ocean-atmosphere system. Unfortunately, however, too little is known about the spatial and temporal distribution of incoming solar radiation.

A more complete and precise description of that distribution will prove usefulness to many fields of study that rely on atmospheric energy input, such as agricultural , architectural , and engineering planning. For these reasons, analysis of the solar radiation distribution in India—a state with a relatively high loading of input radiation and relatively high spatial and temporal variability—is both important and relevant. Renewable EnergyFrom the beginning of 19th century, dwelling of fossil fuels is increasing continually toward the development of industrialization and modern life style. The fossil fuels are being used from domestic to industrial applications on the cost of pollution, health hazards, and ecology of earth. Excessive exploitation of conventional fuels directly and indirectly assist in global warming and many more factors which drive the planet towards dark future.To overcome the dependency on conventional fuels, researchers and many organizations are working on alternative fuels, which should be commercially viable, easy to use, less pollutant, and must be abundant in nature. In this direction, renewable energies, like solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy, biofuels, and so forth, are more suitable than conventional sources of energy. These nonconventional forms are not only renewable but also maintain ecology and environment as they are ecofriendly and do not contribute to global warming and production of green house gases and so forth.In context of India and developing countries, it is awful condition, because most of the Indian families exploit forest and fossil fuels for their domestic uses, which directly and indirectly not only affect growth of country but also health of user.

Quest for energy security and sustainable development depend on the ability to get energy from renewable sources, and to use it optimistically to meet growing and diverse needs of India.India is blessed with an abundance of nondepleting and environment friendly renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, biomass and hydro, and so forth. The Uttar-Pradesh, where solar energy and wind energy are profusely available throughout the year in comparison to the rest of India, has higher potential to exploit renewable energies for domestic and industrial applications. Need for Renewable EnergyIncreasing rate of energy consumption is essential for progress of our civilization and therefore main problem is how we produce energy. Extensive use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy has created bad impact on environmental, social, and sustainability problems. So we need such energy sources that will forever and can be used without pollution. Furthermore, conventional energy systems using fossil resources, especially old ones in numerous and small scale, are found to be major contributors to atmosphere pollution and greenhouse effect.

In this sense the earth is already showing many signs of worldwide climate change as follows. (i) Average temperatures have climbed 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius) around the world since 1880, much of this in recent decades, according to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. (ii) The rate of warming is increasing. According to a number of climate studies, the last two decades of 20th century were the hottest in 400 years and possibly the warmest for several millennia. The UN’S Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that 11 of the past 12 years are among the dozen warmest since 1850.

(iii) The Arctic is feeling atmosphere pollution and greenhouse effect the most. Average temperatures in Alaska, western Canada, and eastern Russia have risen twice the global average, according to the multinational Arctic Climate Impact Assessment report compiled between 2000 and 2004. (iv) Arctic ice is rapidly disappearing, and the region may have its first completely ice-free summer by 2040 or earlier. Polar bears and indigenous cultures are already suffering from the sea-ice loss. (v) Glaciers and mountain snows are rapidly melting; for example, Montana’s Glacier National Park now has only 27 glaciers versus 150 in 1910. In the Northern Hemisphere, thaws also come a week earlier in spring and freezes begin a week later.

(vi) Coral reefs, which are highly sensitive to small changes in water temperature, suffered the worst bleaching—or die off in response to stress—ever recorded in 1998, with some areas seeing bleach rates of 70 percent. Experts expect these sorts of events to increase in frequency and intensity in the next 50 years as sea temperatures rise. (vii) The IPPC, in a 2007 report, claims that humans are “very likely” behind global warming. The report, based on the work of some 2,500 scientists in more than 130 countries, concluded that humans have caused all or most of the current planetary warming.

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Human-caused global warming is often called anthropogenic climate change. (viii) Industrialization, deforestation, and pollution have greatly increased atmospheric concentrations of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, all greenhouse gases that help to trap heat near Earth’s surface. (ix) Humans are pouring carbon dioxide into the atmosphere much faster rate than absorbing rate of plants and oceans. (x) These gases persist in the atmosphere for years, meaning that even if such emissions were eliminated today, it would not immediately stop the global warming. (xi) Some experts point out that the natural cycles in Earth’s orbit can alter the planet’s exposure to sunlight, which may explain the current trend.

Earth has indeed experienced warming and cooling cycles roughly every hundred thousand years due to these orbital shifts, but such changes have occurred over the span of several centuries. Today’s changes have taken place over the past 100 years or less. Renewable Energy FutureClearly, human kind has to set a different course in its need for energy, one that involves less intrusive sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy. There are energy sources that do not harm the planet and will never run out. The clock is ticking down but there is still time. Humankind has proven to be resourceful and prudent in the past. It needs to be again in the crucial areas of energy and the environment in order to assure sustainability for future generations.

Renewable Energy in IndiaIndia in 2006 had a population of 1.1 billion with a Gross Domestic Product of Rupees 33 trillion (728 billion US$) (; 2006-2007). A breakup of India’s primary commercial energy shows that more than 80% is supplied from fossil fuels. If we also consider traditional fuels and biomass, India’s total primary energy consumption was about 20 EJ in 2004-2005 (an average of 18 GJ/capita/year). Figure shows the share of different kind of energy sources in total India’s primary energy supply (Government of India, Planning Commission; 2006). Fossil fuels account for about 64% of the total primary energy while traditional biomass accounts for about 33%.

The India’s population accounts for 17% of the world’s total population; however, energy consumption is only 4% of the total world’s primary energy consumption. The modern renewable energy accounts for only small portion of the total energy mix. India is the only country in the world that has a separate Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), earlier known as the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.

Catalogue Persistent IdentifierAPA CitationLee, T. R. & Williamson, T.

J. & Oppenheim, David. & Energy Research and Development Corporation (Australia). Australian solar radiation data handbook. Canberra: Energy Research and Development Corporation MLA CitationLee, T. R. and Williamson, T.

J. and Oppenheim, David. and Energy Research and Development Corporation (Australia). Australian solar radiation data handbook / T. Oppenheim and T. Williamson Energy Research and Development Corporation Canberra 1995 Australian/Harvard CitationLee, T.

Solar Irradiance Formula

R. & Williamson, T. J. & Oppenheim, David. & Energy Research and Development Corporation (Australia). 1995, Australian solar radiation data handbook / T. Oppenheim and T. Williamson Energy Research and Development Corporation Canberra Wikipedia Citation.

Australian solar radiation data handbook / T. Oppenheim and T. Williamson Book Bib ID598282FormatBook,AuthorDescriptionCanberra: Energy Research and Development Corporation, 1995-19967 v.: ill.; 30 cm. Of errata.ISBN (attachment 2) (attachment 5) (attachment 1) (attachment 3 erratum) (attachment 4 erratum) (attachment 1 erratum) (attachment 5 erratum) (Final report) (attachment 4) (attachment 2 erratum) (main report) (attachment 3)SeriesERDC (Series); 249, 254.Full contents. Main report. Attachment 1.

NSW/ACT. Attachment 2.

Queensland. Attachment 3. SA/NT.

Attachment 4. VICT/TAS. Attachment 5. Western Australia. Final report.Notes'April 1995'Chiefly tables.Includes bibliographical references.SubjectsOther authors/contributors.